リサーチ - The Economy


ザ・エコノミー
シニア・エコノミストのマイケル J. バズダリッチ Ph. Dが最新の経済データについて解説します。(英文のみのご提供)

1Q19 GDP Exceeds Expectations, but Not on Demand Side

2019年04月26日時点
The U.S. Department of Commerce announced today that 1Q19 real GDP grew at a rate of 3.2%. This exceeded consensus estimates of growth around 2.5%, and it far exceeded the zero-handle and one-handle numbers that were being tossed around just two months ago in the wake of weak retail sales data. Indeed, today’s news did feature a relatively weak consumer, with real consumption of merchandise declining at a -0.7% rate and overall real consumption—services and merchandise—growing just 1.2% annualized.

So where did the robust GDP growth come from? Mostly from some unusual suspects: inventories and foreign trade. Inventory accumulation boosted 1Q19 growth by 0.7%, while net exports provided a 1.2% boost. In other words, net of these "one-offs," 1Q19 GDP growth would have been about 1.3%, close to the expectations bandied about not so long ago.

The consumer spending numbers were a little better than expected. For goods consumption, I had expected a much sharper decline than the -0.7% drop reported, despite the strong March retail sales print last week. Apparently, the components of retail sales were more favorable for consumer spending than we perceived. Remember, with the effects of the government shutdown, we hadn’t gotten any official word on consumer spending past the January data until the news today covered data through March.

Another factor serving to boost real growth was price declines. Prices of consumer goods declined at a -1.7% rate in 1Q19, compared to a +0.2% rate of change over the preceding four quarters. Indeed, the GDP deflator, the inflation rate for everything included in GDP, posted just a +0.6% annualized rate of increase in 1Q19, compared to a +2.2% rate over the prior four quarters.

Toting things up, real GDP grew at a 3.2% rate in 1Q19, but nominal GDP at just a 3.8% rate. Excluding inventory investment, real final sales grew at a 1.3% rate, while nominal final sales grew by 2.0%. Excluding both inventories and foreign trade, real domestic demand grew at a 1.2% rate, while nominal domestic demand grew 2.3%.

As seen in the chart, nominal growth rates for the various spending measures have been slowing for quite some time. This indicates first that overall economic growth is indeed slowing AND second that inflation is in no danger of heating up. Forget what is going on with unemployment; when final demand—aka nominal spending—is slowing, faster price increases simply won’t fly.

As for overall GDP growth, any careful look at the details shows that this is not a sugar high. However, neither is the 1Q19 pace sustainable. As the "one time" boosts to growth from inventories and trade fade—and even with better consumer spending growth than that of 1Q19—underlying GDP will settle in the low 2% range. At least, that is my take.

Growth in Nominal Spending
Growth in Nominal Spending
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis. As of 31 Mar 19

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